Which of the following are considered significant risk factors for child abuse?

Substance abuse and mental illness are significant risk factors for child abuse due to the ways in which they can impair a caregiver's ability to provide a safe and nurturing environment for children. Caregivers who struggle with substance abuse may be more likely to engage in neglectful or abusive behaviors due to impaired judgment, emotional instability, or preoccupation with obtaining substances. Similarly, mental illness can affect a caregiver's capacity to provide adequate emotional support, stability, and supervision, increasing the risk of harm to children.

In contrast, the other options reflect aspects that are generally associated with protective factors rather than risks. For example, higher education levels typically correlate with better parenting practices and greater awareness of child welfare issues. Positive family relationships contribute to a supportive environment that can buffer against stressors. Financial stability also plays a role in reducing stress and providing resources for children's needs, which can mitigate the likelihood of abuse occurring in the household. Thus, while those factors may contribute to a nurturing environment, substance abuse and mental health issues are well-recognized as direct risk factors in the context of child abuse.